Willa Cathers Paul‟s Case: A Study in Temperament Essay examples -- P

Willa Cathers Pauls Case A Study in Temperament (1905) invites the reader to wonder, What really is Pauls case? Cather provides us with ample touchs and descriptions of Pauls temperament with remarkable detail and insight into the world psyche considering that she had no formal background in psychology and that she was writing when Sigmund Freud was just beginning to publish his theories and was therefore writing by intuitive posting rather than by using a scientific approach. Because Pauls Case is written much like a descriptive analysis or case study in a patients temperament, the reader is left with several details about Paul that are mysterious and psychiatrically and medically unexplained. The lack of a diagnosis for Paul has led many critics to develop their own diagnosis some say Paul is a stereotypical homosexual, has Aspergers Syndrome or Autism, or that he has a combination of depression and anxiety. In my opinion, however, the most likely diagnosis for Paul is that he suffers from Narcissistic Personality Disorder. harmonise to the DSM-IV, people with Narcissistic Personality Disorder are preoccupied with fantasiesof unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love (Criterion 2) and believe that theyare special and unique and pot only be understood by, or should be associated with, other special orhigh-status people (Criterion 3). Pauls clothing gives us our first clue to his narcissistic attitudesabout himself in Cathers description of Pauls dress, it is apparent that Paul is attempting to riseabove his lower-class status by mimicking the swiftness class appearance. The collar of Pauls overcoat isvelvet, and there was something of the dandy about him, and he wore an... ...her was writing about a social disorder that had non yet beenidentified or studied. Despite the lack of knowledge about Narcissistic Personality Disorderwhen Cather wrote this short story, she provides readers with plenty of details to diagnose the male child the mselves. Narcissism is the only diagnosis that can explain all of Pauls attitudes and behaviors,and that is why it is the disorder that he must be suffering from. whole kit and caboodle CitedDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV. Arlington, VA. American Psychiatric Association, 2007. Print.Larry Rubin. The Homosexual Motif in Willa Cathers Pauls Case Studies in Short Fiction (1975) 127-31. Print.Perkins, Barbara, Robyn Warhol-Down, and George B. Perkins. Pauls Case A Study inTemperament. Womens Work an Anthology of American Literature. New York McGrawHill, 1994. Print.

Overview Of Intellectual Property Essay -- IP Copyright

Intellectual holdingTable of ContentsOverview of Intellectual seat3Types of Intellectual Property Rights3Industrial attri scarcee4Copyright5Controversy of Intellectual Property5Intellectual Property in the Digital jump on7No Electronic Theft Act9Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 19989Case Study Involving Intellectual Property Domain Names9Conclusion11Overview of Intellectual PropertyThe term intellectual property refers to the innovations of the human mind. Intellectual property rights protect the interests of these innovators by giving them property rights attached to those ideas. The term intellectual property rights stands for these legal rights that authors, inventors, and other creators have. Intellectual property laws relate to a particular way in which ideas or information is expressed or displayed, but not the actual ideas or exact concept itself. The first use of the expression intellectual property appears to be October 1845, in Davoll vs. Brown, a patent case in M assachusetts. Justice Charles Woodbury said that only in this way can we protect intellectual property, the labors of the mind, productions and interests as much a mans own...as the wheat he cultivates, or the flocks he rears. Though coined many years prior, the term has only become popular very recently. It was droll to hear the expression until the establishment of the World Intellectual Property Organization in 1967, which then actively promoted the term.Types of Intellectual Property RightsThere are soon many different ways to protect intellectual property. Intellectual property is divided into two main categories industrial property, which includes patents, trademarks, industrial desi... ...he farming name to the proprietor of the mark. The court can also award statutory damages between $1,000 and $100,000 per domain name.In this case, Gallo would most likely receive the transfer of the domain name to his ownership. He will also probably receive damages, perhaps his court costs and whatever the court deemed fair to compensate him for the damage do by the defendant using the site to negatively impact his name and business.ConclusionIntellectual property can be a confusing term, but it is an important concept. The ramifications of strengthening or relaxing its grip on the way we interact and use information today will affect future generations in ways that may be unclear, but undeniably powerful. It is important to balance the rights of individuals on either side of the law, so information can be apply to what we need it for the most, growth.

Cancer :: essays research papers

Cancer Today there are one in three people worldwide who are affected by cancer, and almost 60% of these people will almost certainly die. 7000 New Zealanders die every year from this disease. It is the second largest killer next to heart disease. Cancer does not dear affect certain groups of people, it can affect anybody and it is not just one disease, it refers to more than a hundred diseases. Cancer is motilityd by carcinogens. At present, hundreds of chemical substances are cognize to induce cancer. Normally, the bodys cells divide in an orderly way, allowing the body to grow and to heal after injury. Damage or mutations that occur to the proto-oncogenes (POG) and tumour suppresser Genes (TSG) in the genetic material (DNA and RNA) by these carcinogens bring about Cancer, which causes cells to have less visit of cell division and differentiation. POGs lead to changed cells or transformed cells and cause excessive cell division. Further mutations cause the cells to become immo rtal. These cells continue to divide and form a ball of cells. These cells require a lot of energy and fluids flow to maintain the high appreciate of the cell division. When these balls become too large for fluids to flow through, the middle of the ball dies. TSGs act as anti-proto-oncogenes, they regulate the rate of cell division. POGs and TSGs constantly compete to overpower each other. These TSGs can be mutated and this brings about a change in the control mechanism of cell division. Cells are stimulated to divide through a harvest-feast factor. Growth factor molecules bind to cell membranes of cells and send a chemical message to a receptor in the cell membrane. The receptor sends a message through the cytoplasm to the nucleus to stimulate cell division. Sometimes when these growth factors are absent the receptor in the cell membrane is mutated to send out the message to the nucleus. Cells are also stimulated to divide through the deuce proteins, cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. When these two join together, this stimulates cell division. These proteins act on the growth inhibitor proteins P53 and PRP, which are growth inhibitor proteins. Tumours may be malignant, spreading or benign, non-spreading. Malignant tumours are aggressive, invasive, and mobile. They invade healthy tissue and continue to divide. The original cancer is called the primary tumour. If the tumour is malignant, the disease may develop in other parts of the body where utility(prenominal) tumours may form.

Criticism of Bryants To a Waterfowl :: Poems of Bryant

The poems of Bryant may be classed, with regard to their subjects--those expressing a universal interest, relative to the great conditions of humanity, types of nature symbolical of these, as the Winds poems of a national and flag-waving(prenominal) sentiment, or expressive of the heroic in character, as the Song of Marions Men. Of these, probably the most enduring will be those which draw their vitality more instantly from the American soil. In these there is a purity of nature, and a certain rustic grace, which speak at once the nature of the poet and his subject. Symbolic images of nature split in his verses. Here Id like to share some of my observation of some of the poem to a waterfowl.Whither, midst falling dew, While luster the heavens with the last steps of day, Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue Thy solitary way? Whitherto what place. We have to read the whole stanza to complete the question. The author delays the importation so long by putting in the des cription of time and place to create a feeling of distance to the destination. And "thee, thou, thy"--these are all poetic ways of saying "you" in the singular form. In a sense, focusing on a single distinctive "you" with no possibility of it being the plural "you." So, maybe it is more than just poetic diction, but the emphasis of solitude.Seekst thou the plashy brinkOf weedy lake, or marge of river wide, Or where the rocking billows rise and sink On the chafed ocean side? Rubbed away by friction, constant irritation. Here are three different possible destinations for the waterfowl. they have something in common.There is a Power whose careTeaches thy way along that pathless coast,-- The desert and illimitable air,-- Lone wandering, but not lostIf he is speaking of God (what good-hearted of god?), why does he call him a Power? Birds migrate because of natural instincts--what is the connection to a Power here? He might inculpate that Nature and God a re identified Again, notice the emphasis on Lone.In the fifth stanza, cold thin atmosphere, stoop, weary," and "welcome take down" contrast sharply. which adds to the film of the bird both concretely and symbolically. this birds flight is beginning to represent the lonely and lifelong struggle of the writer himself in hope of finding his welcome land. Thourt gone, the abyss of heaven Hath swallowed up thy form yet, on my heart

HOW IMPORTANT ARE MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS IN COGNITIVE THEORIES :: essays research papers

HOW IMPORTANT ARE kind REPRESENTATIONS IN COGNITIVE THEORIES?How the world around us is represented amiablely is the turning point stone of cognitive architectures. It facilitates taste of information received and perceived from our environment. The storage and retrieval of familiarity would be impossible without rational representations.Mental representations be the sort in which we create copies of the real number things around us, which we perceive. A description of a representation is a symbol, sign, image or a depiction that takes the place of a real object in the real world..Representations were broadly categorised into three. The analogue representation the propositional representation and procedural rules. Analogue representations are those which have an image-like copy feature to them, whereas the propositional representation are found on language-like constructs. Since the arrival of connectionism another representation has been proposed that of sub- exemplary r epresentation. Here psychical representations, according to Eysenk and Keane (2002) are distributed patterns of activation in a connectivist network.Historic totallyy, mental representations have been interpreted by analogy with physical representations, i.e. descriptions and classifications devised for physical representations have been applied to mental representations (Paivio, 1986). Physical representations can be picture-like or language-like (see Table). Physical and mental representations physical representationspicture-likelanguage-likeexamplesphotographs drawings maps diagramshuman-language formal systems maths, symbolic logic computer programspropertiesanalogue iconic continuousnon-analogue non-iconic digital/discreteTable Types of physical representations (after Paivio, 1986)The representations need then to be categorised for storage in long -term memory. These packages of knowledge are classed as being either procedural knowledge or declarative knowledge. Procedural kno wledge is knowing how to do something or precisely what to do. It is sets of rules or procedures and skills like playing the piano. Declarative knowledge is about facts.Representations allow cognitive models to work as they are the substance the models work on. The models for password share common features but are equally differentiated from each other at some level. Before look at each of the theories mental representations it would be helpful to take a snapshot of the model structures and approaches to learning and processing to gain a fuller reason of their strengths and weaknesses.The models compared here are strategy theory (Rummelhart and Norman 1983) ACT* Anderson) and PDP.Schema theory is said to offers a unified theory of cognition as it umbrellas all areas of cognition. It is interactive and works on stored knowledge or long-term memory. It does not address any wider structural issues. Schema is about how our learning is influenced by our foregoing knowledge.HOW IMPOR TANT ARE MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS IN COGNITIVE THEORIES essays research papers HOW IMPORTANT ARE MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS IN COGNITIVE THEORIES?How the world around us is represented mentally is the corner stone of cognitive architectures. It facilitates understanding of information received and perceived from our environment. The storage and retrieval of knowledge would be impossible without mental representations.Mental representations are the way in which we create copies of the real things around us, which we perceive. A description of a representation is a symbol, sign, image or a depiction that takes the place of a real object in the real world..Representations were broadly categorised into three. The analogue representation the propositional representation and procedural rules. Analogue representations are those which have an image-like copy quality to them, whereas the propositional representation are based on language-like constructs. Since the arrival of connectionism anoth er representation has been proposed that of sub-symbolic representation. Here mental representations, according to Eysenk and Keane (2002) are distributed patterns of activation in a connectivist network.Historically, mental representations have been interpreted by analogy with physical representations, i.e. descriptions and classifications devised for physical representations have been applied to mental representations (Paivio, 1986). Physical representations can be picture-like or language-like (see Table). Physical and mental representations physical representationspicture-likelanguage-likeexamplesphotographs drawings maps diagramshuman-language formal systems maths, symbolic logic computer programspropertiesanalogue iconic continuousnon-analogue non-iconic digital/discreteTable Types of physical representations (after Paivio, 1986)The representations need then to be categorised for storage in long -term memory. These packages of knowledge are classed as being either procedural k nowledge or declarative knowledge. Procedural knowledge is knowing how to do something or precisely what to do. It is sets of rules or procedures and skills like playing the piano. Declarative knowledge is about facts.Representations allow cognitive models to work as they are the substance the models work on. The models for discussion share common features but are equally differentiated from each other at some level. Before looking at each of the theories mental representations it would be helpful to take a snapshot of the model structures and approaches to learning and processing to gain a fuller understanding of their strengths and weaknesses.The models compared here are Schema theory (Rummelhart and Norman 1983) ACT* Anderson) and PDP.Schema theory is said to offers a unified theory of cognition as it umbrellas all areas of cognition. It is interactive and works on stored knowledge or long-term memory. It does not address any wider structural issues. Schema is about how our learn ing is influenced by our previous knowledge.

HOW IMPORTANT ARE MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS IN COGNITIVE THEORIES :: essays research papers

HOW IMPORTANT ARE MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS IN COGNITIVE THEORIES?How the world around us is represented intellectu aloney is the shoetree stone of cognitive architectures. It facilitates misgiving of information received and perceived from our environment. The storage and retrieval of association would be impossible without noetic representations.Mental representations ar the port in which we create copies of the real things around us, which we perceive. A description of a representation is a symbol, sign, image or a depiction that takes the place of a real object in the real world..Representations were broadly categorised into three. The analogue representation the propositional representation and procedural rules. Analogue representations argon those which have an image-like copy quality to them, whereas the propositional representation are based on language-like constructs. Since the arrival of connectionism another representation has been proposed that of sub-symbolic repr esentation. Here genial representations, according to Eysenk and Keane (2002) are distributed patterns of activation in a connectivist network.Historically, mental representations have been interpreted by analogy with fleshly representations, i.e. descriptions and classifications devised for physical representations have been applied to mental representations (Paivio, 1986). Physical representations can be picture-like or language-like (see Table). Physical and mental representations physical representationspicture-likelanguage-likeexamplesphotographs drawings maps diagramshuman-language formal systems maths, symbolic logic computer programspropertiesanalogue iconic continuousnon-analogue non-iconic digital/discreteTable Types of physical representations (after Paivio, 1986)The representations need then to be categorised for storage in long -term memory. These packages of knowledge are classed as being either procedural knowledge or declarative knowledge. Procedural knowledge is k nowing how to do something or precisely what to do. It is sets of rules or procedures and skills like playing the piano. Declarative knowledge is astir(predicate) facts.Representations allow cognitive models to work as they are the substance the models work on. The models for discussion share common features but are equally differentiated from each other at some level. Before looking for at each of the theories mental representations it would be helpful to take a snapshot of the model structures and approaches to learning and processing to take on a fuller understanding of their strengths and weaknesses.The models compared here are Schema opening (Rummelhart and Norman 1983) ACT* Anderson) and PDP.Schema theory is said to offers a unified theory of cognition as it umbrellas all areas of cognition. It is interactive and works on stored knowledge or long-term memory. It does not address any wider structural issues. Schema is about how our learning is influenced by our forward kno wledge.HOW IMPORTANT ARE MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS IN COGNITIVE THEORIES essays research papers HOW IMPORTANT ARE MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS IN COGNITIVE THEORIES?How the world around us is represented mentally is the corner stone of cognitive architectures. It facilitates understanding of information received and perceived from our environment. The storage and retrieval of knowledge would be impossible without mental representations.Mental representations are the way in which we create copies of the real things around us, which we perceive. A description of a representation is a symbol, sign, image or a depiction that takes the place of a real object in the real world..Representations were broadly categorised into three. The analogue representation the propositional representation and procedural rules. Analogue representations are those which have an image-like copy quality to them, whereas the propositional representation are based on language-like constructs. Since the arrival of con nectionism another representation has been proposed that of sub-symbolic representation. Here mental representations, according to Eysenk and Keane (2002) are distributed patterns of activation in a connectivist network.Historically, mental representations have been interpreted by analogy with physical representations, i.e. descriptions and classifications devised for physical representations have been applied to mental representations (Paivio, 1986). Physical representations can be picture-like or language-like (see Table). Physical and mental representations physical representationspicture-likelanguage-likeexamplesphotographs drawings maps diagramshuman-language formal systems maths, symbolic logic computer programspropertiesanalogue iconic continuousnon-analogue non-iconic digital/discreteTable Types of physical representations (after Paivio, 1986)The representations need then to be categorised for storage in long -term memory. These packages of knowledge are classed as being eit her procedural knowledge or declarative knowledge. Procedural knowledge is knowing how to do something or precisely what to do. It is sets of rules or procedures and skills like playing the piano. Declarative knowledge is about facts.Representations allow cognitive models to work as they are the substance the models work on. The models for discussion share common features but are equally differentiated from each other at some level. Before looking at each of the theories mental representations it would be helpful to take a snapshot of the model structures and approaches to learning and processing to gain a fuller understanding of their strengths and weaknesses.The models compared here are Schema theory (Rummelhart and Norman 1983) ACT* Anderson) and PDP.Schema theory is said to offers a unified theory of cognition as it umbrellas all areas of cognition. It is interactive and works on stored knowledge or long-term memory. It does not address any wider structural issues. Schema is abo ut how our learning is influenced by our previous knowledge.