Social, Cultural, And Political Movements - 1011 Words

Equality from 1648-21st century Throughout the history of Europe since 1648, many different changes have occurred concerning the treatment of European people, through social, cultural, and political movements. Although it was not a quick and easy process, by the 21st century, European people were mostly able to freely participate in society by making decisions for the people, as opposed to a higher power ruling ones life. Different events, such as the industrial revolution, the holocaust of World War II, and the spread of communism have aided in gaining individual’s freedoms so that all people are treated as equal humans. The industrial revolution of 1760 demonstrated that European people, as well as women, did not have a voice of matter in working conditions, hours, or the good that was being manufactured. Treatment of workers was absolutely atrocious. Children were being placed in factories, often being given the most dangerous jobs such as crawling into small spaces of machinery to fix broken components, due to the fact that they were small, and could complete these tasks, frequently resulting in death. The government showed little to no care for people, which presented the idea of dehumanization. Women were shunned from jobs because during this time, men were thought to have the obligation to be the head of the household, and the idea of a woman being able to complete the same tasks of a man was not favored. While the industrial revolution was still going on, theShow MoreRelatedPolitical Influence Of The Gang Of Four Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pageswe call the â€Å"New China†. After 1949, China has been through many political movements. The most famous movements among others were the ideological transformation movement; great proletarian cultural revolution; The smash of the gang of four and the reform and opening-up policy, etc. All the articles or books I have read explains those movements from a different angle. In the following section, I will explain the specific move ment in two ways - the ordinary history book and the approach from theRead MoreNetworks Of Outrage And Hope : Social Movements922 Words   |  4 Pagesbook, Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age, Manuel Castells, a Spanish professor of sociology and communication, focuses on current social movements and protests in the world recently. Examples of such movements are the revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt, and Spain. These revolutions demonstrate the role of social networks and the Internet which broadcast the details of these social movements. Each movement has social, cultural, and political aspects, which are what CastellsRead MoreEssay about The Cultural Front1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cultural Front   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the USA, it seems as though there is always a revolution going on. The world is changing everyday. Everyday there is something new going on. Everyday there are people fighting for what they believe in, from social movements to political movements. Everyday people are working hard for their future. People are just trying to make it in the real world. In the the 1930’s, there was so much going on, from WWI to the depression. The world was in a slump, and people were doingRead MoreFeminism : A Social, Economic, And Social Equality Of The Sexes1465 Words   |  6 Pagesdo not. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, feminism is defined as â€Å"the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes.† This does not mean that women are better than men, or that they deserve more money or respect. Nowhere in this definition does it mention that all feminists are lesbians and all men are rapists and abusers. These ridiculous generali ties are simply social constructs that were created back when women were fighting for basic rights and somehow morphedRead MoreHarlem Renaissance Essay1048 Words   |  5 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance was a significant historical movement that originated in Harlem, New York and helped establish the city as an African American cultural center. This period, which lasted from the 1910s to the mid 1930s, is considered a golden age for African American music, art, literature, and performance. As a resurgence of African American art and urbanization began to form, new artistic and social expression began to simultaneously develop in other urban areas as well. The Harlem RenaissanceRead MoreWhen Thinking About Women’S Movements, One Is Likely To1115 Words   |  5 Pagesabout women’s movements, one is likely to associate them with an event that has taken place in either the United States or Canada. Nevertheless, it is evident that women s movements have historically occurred across the globe. Often, however, individuals do not take this into consideration when thinking about how these types of movements have had an influence on society in the 21st century. While reading the article: Political Culture, Catalan Nationalism, and the Women’s Movement in Early Twentieth-CenturyRead MoreAsfasf754 Words   |  4 Pagese. Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time. f. Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist groups have sought to change American society and institutions. g. Analyze relationships among different regional, social, ethnic, and racial groups, and explain how these groups’ experiences have related to U.S. national identity. h. Analyze causes of internal migration and patternsRead MoreSocial Change Is Inevitable? Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Social change is inevitable†. Critically discuss this statement drawing on social theory and contemporary examples. Introduction As change is an inevitable part of nature in a positive or negative way,the social change to me is subject to this pattern too.The speed of change varies between to spectrum,slow which people barely notice and fast in a way the society experience a shock. By the word change,we refer to a observable difference in a special time span.Therefore,social change would implyRead MoreChartism: Working Class and Inclusive Cultural Community Essay851 Words   |  4 PagesIn the history block of this module, you learnt about three explanations for Chartism’s support – a reaction to economic pressure, national political movement and an inclusive cultural community. What evidence is there in the extract above of examples of each of these factors? Which of the three, if any appear to dominate in this extract? The speech is a primary source of information reproduced on page 5 of the Northern Star newspaper, the main voice in print of Chartism (O’Day et al., 2011,Read MoreHarlem Renaissance Essay1341 Words   |  6 PagesMadhubuti’s contention, Jeffery Stewart stated after major victories of the civil rights movement another intellectual and cultural rebellion called Black Power movement. Madhubuti’s, a black arts movement members relationship with Harlem Renaissance is one of the youngest African dont like politics and aesthetic of the previous generation of black artists. The â€Å"utmost impatience† I would about how Black Arts movement member expressed themselves to the Harlem Renaissance and its allegedly excessive white

Accounting, Accountability And Governance Practices Of...

This thesis sets out to examine the accounting, accountability and governance practices of the Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (hereafter, NCDMB) and the International Oil and Gas Companies (hereafter, IOCs) in the implementation of, and compliance with, local content sustainability rules in petroleum contracts in Nigeria. The aim is to apply an accountability-based conceptual framework of accounting to address three major accountability issues within the context of the broader natural resource governance practices. Firstly, to critically establish, within the context of the Nigerian oil and gas industry, the relationship between local content and the three tenets of sustainability (social, economic and environmental), the issue that has received relatively little attention from scholars. Secondly, to evaluate the extent of the NCDMB’s accountability by assessing its ability to enforce compliance with the local content sustainability rules as provided by the law. Finally, to investigate the extent of accountability of the IOCs operating in Nigeria by their ability to comply with and align between the mandatory and the voluntary local content reporting practices in their attempt to support sustainability through oil and gas contracts. Historically, the Nigerian oil and gas sector like that of many other developing countries, has been dominated by the powerful IOCs resulting into a massive outflow of resources for the payment of training and procurementShow MoreRelatedThe Accounting Profession and Nat39077 Words   |  157 PagesTHE JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTING ANAN Volume 1, No 1, March 2009 Published by: Nigerian College of Accountancy, Jos Postgraduate Professional College and Training Arm of ANAN ...Advancing the Science of Accountancy EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. Edet Robinson Iwok, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. A. A. Okwoli, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. Abimaje Akpa, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. B. C. Osisioma, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. Edet B. Akpakpan, Ph.D, FCNA, Prof. A. C. Ezejulue, Ph.D, FCNA Prof. A. S. Mikailu, Ph.D, FNIA Chairman, Education, TrainingRead MoreAn Assessment of the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Nigerian Society: the Examples of Banking and Communication Industries18990 Words   |  76 PagesJournals Full Length Research Paper An assessment of the impact of corporate social responsibility on Nigerian society: The examples of banking and communication industries Adeyanju, Olanrewaju David Department of Financial Studies Redeemer’s University, km 46, Lagos Ibadan Expressway Mowe, Ogun State E-mail: davfol@yahoo.com, Tel No.: 07037794073 Accepted 30 January, 2012 In the Nigerian society, Corporate Social Responsibilities [CSR] has been a highly cotemporary and contextual issue toRead MoreAnalysis of the Causes and Measures of Curbing Fraud in the Banking Sector25289 Words   |  102 PagesANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES AND MEASURES OF CURBING FRAUD IN THE BANKING SECTOR. BY ESSIEN NSIKAK U. A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING, COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.sc) DEGREE IN ACCOUNTING. CERTIFICATION I certify that this project titled â€Å"The Analysis of the causes and measures of curbing fraud in the bankingRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesIndex 713 iii This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface xvii INTRODUCTION 1 3 THE CRITICAL ROLE OF MANAGEMENT SKILLS The Importance of Competent Managers 6 The Skills of Effective Managers 7 Essential Management Skills 8 What Are Management Skills? 9 Improving Management Skills 12 An Approach to Skill Development 13 Leadership and Management 16 Contents of the Book 18 Organization of the Book 19 Practice and Application 21 Diversity and Individual Differences 21 SummaryRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesresearched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et al. provide a highly readable account of ideas, perspectives and practices of organization. By thoroughly explaining, analyzing and exploring organization theory the book increases the understanding of a field that in recent years has become ever more fragmented. Organization theory is central to managing, organizing andRead MoreArticle: Performance Appraisal and Performance Management35812 Words   |  144 Pagesto study the evolution of employee’s performance appraisal system, critics the system suffered and how the performance management system came to the practice. The main purpose of this paper is to differentiate these two systems, employee’s performance appraisal and management system. This paper uses a review of the literature to evaluate the development of appraisal system and argues the critic areas of appraisal system. The review identified as advancement in the management field and growing complexityRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pages2009012531 First Edition: August 2009 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction ix xi I. Defining Moment Stacie Hogya Anonymous Anonymous David La Fiura Anonymous Avin Bansal Anonymous Brad Finkbeiner Anonymous 4 7 10 13 17 20 23 26 29 ii. UndergradUate experience John Coleman Maxwell Anderson Lavanya Anantharman Rosita Najmi Faye Iosotaluno Anonymous Rohan Nirody v 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 Contents III. Career aspirations Jason Kreuziger Anonymous James Reinhart

Ethics - Professionalism - and Governance Communication Technology (IC

Question: Describe about the Ethics, Professionalism, and Governance for Communication Technology (ICT). Answer: Professional development is defined as a process of improving the competence of staffs through training and providing further education opportunities. Also, it is an act of building and maintaining the morale of staff members and instilling discipline to comply with professional regulatory requirements. In the past decades, many implied that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) professionals operate in an ethical vacuum profession. However, the growing concerns in careers demand an outline of values be followed by workers. In ICT industry, it is one of the tactics used to promote human welfare (Weckert, Lucas Selgelid, 2013). In the Conflict of Interest a case study, Michael an IT manager in one of government departments decided to sign a contract with Stevens company to install an enterprising resource planning system. His decision was highly influenced by his past encounter with Steven. By the time he was issuing the tender to him they had developed a close friendship. S teven also called Michael asking for a favor from him making the tendering process disputable. Above all the biggest concern was Michael had a better option from Company A whose software was more economical and with better qualities but decided to turn their offer down in favor of Stevens company. As an ICT professional, the provision of Australian Computer Society and Professionalism will ensure that one behaves ethically at all times. Conflict of interest makes decision-making process very difficult. The Australia Computer Society (ACS) demands that as a professional you need to maintain and advance the formality, honor, and value of the profession in all activities and keep high standards of ethical conduct and competence as you deal with employers, clients, and the public. Therefore it is necessary to explore ethics in a detailed manner to understand what the codes demands from the staffs at personal and professional levels. Acting in an ethical manner ensures that the decisions made where a conflict of interest is evident are right and that ethical course of action prevails. For instance where ethics and professionalism are observed fairness, justice, respect for human rights, best outcomes and humanity among other principles takes the day (Communications.gov.au. 2016). T herefore, Michael was not honest with Company A and his action was unethical and unprofessional. Favoring Steves company whose software was substandard meant that Company A was treated unfairly, and therefore he did not strive to enhance the quality of life to those affected by his actions (Courses.cs.vt.edu, 2016). Lastly, he violated the primacy of the public interest and acted against the profession. IT governance and legal requirement Governance in ICT is paramount as it involves areas affecting control, accountability, authority and responsibility of all the staffs involved. In ethical terms, governance is defined as beliefs, values, and morals of an organization. However, IT governance sets organizational cultures and outlines the acceptable behaviors within the organization. The legal requirement in IT demands that there is a need for some standards to be followed by all professionals either locally or internationally. Development of such standards establishes some principals for the effective, efficient and acceptable use of IT. Governance then ensures that their organizations operate under the set standards to balance risks and encourage equal opportunities arising from IT development (MacDonald, 2016). Conflict of interest should be avoided at all cost such that companies or individuals already playing a certain role with a given client should disqualify themselves from playing another. For this reason, it i s unethical and is illegal to have a conflict of interest which is not acknowledged in the organization. In the case study, Conflict of Interest Michael was supposed to overcome conflict of interest by letting a different person take over the tendering process. It was unprofessional for him to precede over the process and assign Steves company the tender. His decision meant the company would incur more in acquiring and maintaining the software. Therefore his action was self-driven and managements should avoid similar situations by adopting some legislations such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Legislation to ensure accuracy and reliability of contracts with other companies. References Communications.gov.au. (2016). Department of Communications and the Arts. [Online] Available at: https://www.communications.gov.au/. [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Courses.cs.vt.edu. (2016). Australian Computer Society CODE OF ETHICS. [Online] Available at: https://courses.cs.vt.edu/professionalism/WorldCodes/Australia.Code.html [Accessed 31 Aug. 2016]. KHOSROW-POUR, M. (2015).Encyclopedia of information science and technology. MacDonald, c. (2016). A Guide to Moral Decision Making. [Online] Ethicsweb.ca. Available at: https://www.ethicsweb.ca/guide. [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. WECKERT, J., LUCAS, R., SELGELID, M. J. (2013).Professionalism in the information and communication and technology.

Superwoman Debut Albums and Woman free essay sample

Debut Albums and Woman BY Murders Superwoman Weak, dull, emotional, powerless-?these are the words associated with women back in the old days. A woman never had the mind or power to do things her own way. Her duty was Just to follow orders, have a family and be a good wife. In other words, do absolutely nothing for herself. Men have overlooked the fact that women can In fact do what men can do, too. As time went by, society has accepted this one true fact: the modern woman is strong, independent and smart, and one woman proves this to me very single day-?my mother.Ever since I was a kid, my mother has always taught me to be strong and brave, no matter how hard a situation is. It doesnt matter that Im just a girl; she told me to never let others underestimate who I am. We will write a custom essay sample on Superwoman: Debut Albums and Woman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Im always reminded of this especially since I was not born rich. I always see her working hard just to give our family a good life, alongside my father. She never complained, although I could sometimes feel the weight of her burden; she said that sacrificing for us will never let her down.She never let anyone tell her what to do, especially those who tell her shes Just a woman who should stay with her children and do chores. She chose to work because we are her top priority. Despite all her endeavors, her great love for us was what drove her. And every single day I see her, Im reminded of the great woman who surpasses even the greatest men. She may not be the richest woman in the world, but one thing is for sure: shes the greatest and strongest woman in my world, and shes the role model everyone should look up to. She is my superwoman.

Prehistoric Man essays

Prehistoric Man essays "Food Plantation At Home" Nowadays food planting at home is very rare. Many people use to grow conventional plants and some grows both conventional as well as food plants. Many people face some problems such as non-availability of required space and having infertile soil. Plantation is very expensive and time taking. The plants must be watered at time because it will raise the growth of plants. Plants are very essential for human beings as they give fresh air and make the environment healthy as well as beautiful. Food plantation at home provides many advantages such as it saves our time and money. For planting first of all we must select the suitable place where there is presence of sunlight. We must choose those plants from which we can fulfill our requirement and which are used very frequently. First of all the soil must be ploughed properly and then we must proceed further for plantation. After the plantation then it must be watered according to its requirement. The soil must be treated after certain time with fertilizers which is very essential for growth. Then at least once a week the plants must be watered. Care must be taken that no insects could attack on them. Of all the above said suggestions and recommendations, the most important suggestion is that we must work collectively to protect our environment and health which is advantageous only and only for us. ...

Personal Reflection on Parenting

Personal Reflection on Parenting There are a number of ways through which one can raise a child. This is an obvious statement as every parent feels as though they possess the ultimate way in which to do so as well as what popular culture dictates to them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Reflection on Parenting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though there are various arrays of ways of raising ones child I feel that when I am ready to parent I will incorporate some of the ways my own parents raised me as well as adapting with the times. This said the type of role that I will take on in parenting my child will be a balance of a demanding one as well as a supportive structure both physically and mentally for my child. It is important for the parents to ensure that they are open-minded to their children. For instance, parents may initiate discussions about the personal lives of their children. In such kind of a relationship, children will be fr ee to talk about their problems openly to their parents. This will avoid stress and other mental disturbances among the children. When children are open to their parents, then the parents can easily identify when their children are about to go astray. They will therefore have a chance to correct and teach their children on the best ways of conduct. I personally grew up in close attachment to my parents. We freely hugged and discussed many intimate issues. As a result, I was able to receive guidance on various issues, the fact that enabled me grow morally upright. Although it is necessary for the parents to participate in guiding children to make certain things, it is also necessary for them to respect the decisions and interests of their children. For instance, in case a child is interested in playing musical instruments, the parents must not dictate on otherwise. May be, this could be the area they can perform best. Therefore, it is important for the parents to ensure that they don ’t dictate everything to their children. I remember my parents used to support me in my decisions whenever they felt it was not harmful to me. This made me feel good and encouraged me in whatever I did. I felt that I had the ability to make reasonable decisions. In other words, it increased my independence in decision making.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important for those responsible with parenting role to consider that the world is changing very fast and therefore a need to have change on parenting approaches. Since the children are exposed to many things at an early age for instance through the media, I think it is important for parent to begin counseling their children at an early age. Therefore, there is need for children to spend more time with their parents. In conclusion, I feel that when I am ready to parent, I will incorporate some of the ways my own parents raised me as well as adapting with the times. Firstly, i will ensure that I spare enough time to be with my children. This will give me an opportunity to interact with them. I will also ensure that I am supportive to their decisions. This will help them learn to be independent and therefore creative. I will also ensure that there is close attachment between us. By so doing, I will be able to develop my children morally. Since physical health is also important, I will ensure that my children get adequate time to play. This will help my children to grow morally and physically upright.

Store locations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Store locations - Essay Example To further deal with the marketability of the location, with regards to the aforementioned pharmacy, obtaining location and marketability data from two of its branches is a perfect barometer in determining how the location of the said establishment is essential in determining the feasibility of it. This study focuses on two selected branches of Walgreens in Miami and how will those branches show profitability and compliance with several criteria on why these locations were selected among others. Furthermore, this study aims to establish that location is indeed one of the most important factors to consider in putting-up a business enterprise in dealing with the marketability and profitability of the company. By analyzing two selected branches of Walgreens with regards to location, it would be possible to track the strong and weak points of the establishment with regards to its location and how this element affects the over-all standing of a certain business. This branch is situated almost in the center of Miami, Florida. ... A certain commercial online real estate described this location between Footlocker and Burdines Department store; this store will draw from both the local resident and daytime population, and the foreign tourists and more than 25 million cruise line passengers visiting Miami annually2. The description alone of the website would give the idea that the place is indeed visited by different people of different classification in which the store has a huge opportunity of being seen and visited by people because of its accessibility to the customers. However, analyzing the goods and services that Walgreens offer, it is very important to know, how many of these people would avail the goods and services it gives In other words, how many customers the store would be able to obtain from those people who manage to pass the location where the branch is located In these cases, it is also important to know the classification of the location in order to know if the place is indeed marketable for this enterprise to click and prosper. If we are to analyze, there are several hospitals and allied services in Florida that are located in the aforementioned street and would be an important factor for the said branch to obtain customers. It is established that these institutions needs the services of the said branch and therefore, the marketability of the branch is now clearer and established. The likes of Miami Children's Hospital, Mercy Hospital, Miami Heart Institute and Medical Center and other hospitals boost the chances of the said branch to penetrate the market with regards to the goods and services it offers. Also, the location is an ideal one as the aforementioned premises are

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing - Assignment Example The purpose of SWOT analysis is to provide a realistic appraisal of the firm and the environment in which it operates. SWOT provides a basis for the formulation of realistic goals and objectives and strategies for their implementation. Without a SWOT analysis the firm's planning process is fatally flawed. Planning is an information-based activity and, without information planning, quickly degenerates into a political exercise in selling individual biases and preconceptions. Further complicating matters is that if SWOT is not essentially conducted, there is no basis upon which to assess progress toward the accomplishment of goals and objectives; and the accountability upon which managerial control is based also quickly degenerates. There are significant benefits to SWOT. By the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of the organization, strategies can be designed to efficiently allocate the organization's resources, hence increasing overall organizational effectiveness. SWOT c an identify profitable opportunities and high-risk ventures that enhance the firm's effectiveness. Preventive measures can be designed to avoid major environmental threats that may save large amounts of resources that might otherwise be required to correct damage from those environmental threats. ... There are several environments in which a firm functions. These environments are the economic environment, the sociopolitical environment, and the technological environment. Each of these environments has important components and implications for the strategic planning process. The economic environment consists of both factor and product markets considerations. The availability of supporting market structures, intermediate goods, labor, and the price levels within these areas will determine the costs of production for the firm. The product market; its relative competitiveness, whether it is expanding or contracting; and its continued viability will determine the ability of the firm to generate revenues from that market. The case presented here examines the crisis and ongoing problems of Marks & Spencer, one of Britain's best known retail brands that has experienced after many years of unbroken success. The case examines the factors that contributed to perhaps the most serious threat that the company has faced in its over 100-year history and identifies the implications for the company's future public relations strategy. Marks & Spencer (M&S) is one of the UK's largest, best-known retailers and their brand has been synonymous with reliability, value and quality for generations. Marks & Spencer has been viewed as setting the standards that other retailers have striven to match over the years and, until recently, was recognized as one of Britain's best-managed companies with an enviable track record of successful growth and profits. The company has consistently been rated as Britain's 'most favored company' in surveys among business leaders. The name

Hash Functions and Authentication Applications Essay Example for Free

Hash Functions and Authentication Applications Essay Digital Signature or Public-key digital signature is a method of authenticating digital information comparable to common people’s personal signature on documents. The digital signature process is using techniques taken from public-key cryptography. Digital Signature is actually the output of public-key cryptography for signing and verification and is different from ordinary electronic signature like cable, telex, and fax. Since digital signatures are based cryptographic techniques, a digital signature should have the following properties. Digital Signature should be: not forgeable authentic cannot be modify after sending not reusable prevent repudiation The simpler properties are: AUTHENTICITY The importance of authenticity is to prevent authorized intervention. Using the public-key cryptosystems, the recipient will be confident that the sender is real and the message is valid. INTEGRITY Both sender and receiver will be confident that the message sent has not been altered during the transmission. The encryption ensures that no third party can view or read the message. NON-REPUDIATION Repudiation means the act of denying association with a message as in claming a third party sent it. This is true when a recipient of the message assert that the sender attach a signature to avoid any later repudiation. Digital Signature functions maybe possible using Direct or Arbitrated Digital Signature. The Direct approach relies only on communicating parties for their security using the public-key cryptosystems. The problem with Direct Digital Signature approach is the validation, wherein the security of the communication depends only on the sender’s private key. It means that when sender’s security is breach, the whole transaction fails. Furthermore, the sender can also use the repudiation excuse and say that the he never sent a message or say his private keys were forged or stolen. The Arbitrated approach is better, unlike Direct Digital Signature, This approach employ an arbiter to test the sender’s messages and signatures to verify its content and origin. The arbiter, when fully satisfied, stamp the message with date and sent it to its final destination. Arbitrated digital signatures can be implemented using conventional and public-key encryption. In a conventional approach, it assumed that sender â€Å"S† and the assigned arbiter â€Å"A†. Both arbiter and sender will now share a secret key, say â€Å"KSA† and later the recipient â€Å"R† will share secret key as â€Å"KRA†. The sender creates a message and computer it against its hash value M(H) then â€Å"S† submits the message to â€Å"A†. Arbiter will now decrypt the signature, check its hash value, validate the message, and send the message to â€Å"R†. Recipient decrypts the message and restores the original message (M). An arbitrated digital signature using public-key encryption has a different approach wherein the arbiter cannot see the message. At first, the sender â€Å"S† encrypts the message with its own private key and encrypts it again with the recipient â€Å"R private key thereby producing a secret signed message. This signed message will be encrypted again with the senders ID, together the message will be sent to the arbiter. The inner double encrypted message is secure from the arbiter and from anybody except the recipient. The arbiter can only see the outer messages to check the origin of the message and ensure that the sender private and public key is still valid. A replay attack is a type of network attack where valid data transmission is maliciously or fraudulently repeated or delayed. It can be the originator itself or an adversary who intercepts the data and re-transmits it. A simple replay attack immediately sends the same message soon enough that it will arrive within the recipients’ window. A suppress replay attack is when an attacker breach security by initiating a message interception and withhold it for future replay. The attacker will wait for the proper time to effectively replay the message without detection from the recipient. References: Data Security 2003, â€Å"Digital Signatures†,[online], http://www. cs. uku. fi/~junolain/secu2003/secu2003. html#digital Wikipedia, â€Å"Digital Signatures†, [online], http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Digital_signature Wikipedia, â€Å"Replay Attack†, [online], http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Replay_attack

Religion, Poverty and Wealth Essay examples -- Poverty Essays

Religion, Poverty and Wealth Poverty is now a problem on a global scale, and Hinduism has needed, and will continue to need, to undertake an ongoing state of change and adaptation. Many of the beliefs Hindus held only a couple of centuries ago have been altered or even removed altogether. The globalisation of Hinduism, bringing it into contact with a wide range of other cultures and religions, has influenced this a lot. Hinduism, however, is full of variations itself, so what is said of Hinduism may be true for some Hindus, and false for others. Hinduism is less a religion, than a culture, and way of life. This way of life affects how they view poverty and wealth, and what there reactions to it are, as outlined below. Unlike many other societies, where the caste system is based on power or wealth, thus giving the poorest the least power, Hinduism has four set castes, which a member belongs to by birth. These groups are called varnas, and each has its own set of rules and duties to live by, known as dharma. Too much inter-varna mixing, especially intermarriage, is strongly disapproved of. The first, and highest varna is that of a Brahmin-priests, teachers, and wisemen. The next is Kshatriya-warriors, rulers, and leaders. The third is Vaishya-traders, merchants, agriculture, and other work involved with commerce. The final, and lowest varna is Sudra-manual labour and service. In many societies, the difference between the high and the low, in terms of social status, has caused great troubles, due to discontentment of the poor and weak to continue living like they are. In Hinduism, however, this problem is avoided, by the promise o... ... many Hindus to make a small donation to the poor, and will give old clothes or shoes away, rather than throwing them out. MK Gandhi changed many old Hindu beliefs with his teachings. He taught that it is wrong to think that a poor person is only getting what they deserve. He believed that everyone was a part of God, and people should recognise that they share the same world and should care for one another. He taught that service to others was the best way to find God and comprehend fully the human condition. This had a profound effect on the treatment of the poor in India today. There are many charities set up for helping the poor in India, such as the Hindu Mission Hospital and Prison Fellowship India. These receive many donations from many Hindus-even those overseas will often send back money to help the poor.

How to Plan an Event

10 STEPS TO PLAN AN EVENT A BASIC PROCEDURAL OUTLINE TO CONSIDER WHEN PLANNING AN EVENT OR ACTIVITY STEP 1 STEP 2 Identify what type of event/activity you would like to do. Determine the goals of the event and what you would like to accomplish. Define your objectives and outcomes of the event or activity. Identify the target audience and event emphasis: Education, Health etc. STEP 3 STEP 4 Decide on a date and time for the event or activity. Consider locations and types of facilities to host event. Determine the use of space and or seating arrangement and capacity required for the event or activity.Decide who will be responsible to secure the facility and be the event coordinator. STEP 5 Consider establishing partnerships with other organizations or people to assist with the execution of the event. Identify their role when determining key decisions. STEP 6 Create an event/program budget. Identify the sources and amounts of potential revenue and expenses. Revise for realistic and nece ssary true cost and revenue updates. STEP 7 Create an event timeline. Outline all essential decisions/activities in a time sequential order from the point of initial consideration to decision being finalized and decisions being executed.Document who is responsible for each function. Communicate the timeline to everyone involved in the planning or fulfillment of the event. STEP 8 Determine Key Decisions: Program Determine the order of activities that need to occur at the event or activity. 1 Determine who will perform or execute the agenda items. Determine if a published program is necessary. If so decide who will create and print the program. Presentation(s)/ Speakers Identify the topics of information to be shared. Determine if presenters/speakers are needed.If so identify potential presenters or speakers to invite to participate. Decide on the time frame for each presentation or speech. Decide the type of communication that should transpire with the presenters/speaker, when it sho uld occur and who will be responsible to execute and follow-up. Equipment Identify what equipment is necessary for the event or activity. Identify potential sources to secure needed equipment. Evaluate the cost of the equipment. Decide who will be responsible for the pick up and return of the equipment.Materials Determine what materials are needed, and identify potential sources to purchase them. Decide who will be responsible for purchasing, preparing and storing the materials. Awards Determine who will receive awards – presenters/speakers. Decide on awards items and identify sources to purchase them. Decide who will be responsible for purchasing awards and presenting them. Public Relations Identify the method(s) which will be used to publicize the event or activity. Decide who will be responsible for the development of invitations, flyers, press releases, emails, etc.Decide who will be the contact for public inquires on the event or activity. 2 Decide who will be responsibl e to disseminate the types of information on the event or activity. Internal Communication Determine the method of communication to the people within the organization to inform them, include them and encourage them to participate. For instance communicating by email, newsletter etc. STEP 9 Take into consideration these special additions/items if needed: Food Music Decorations Flowers Photography/video Clean up STEP 10 You have planned well and are ready to go. Have a Successful Event! 3

Spirit Bound Chapter Ten

AND ONE OF THEM†¦ ONE OF THEM†¦ â€Å"No,† I breathed, even as I sprang toward the one closest to me–a woman. There appeared to be three Strigoi around us. Eddie was in motion too, and both of us were trying to shove the Moroi behind us. They didn't need much urging. At the sight of Strigoi, the Moroi had begun to back up–creating sort of a bottleneck. Between Eddie's instant reflexes and the Moroi panic, I was pretty sure no one had noticed what I already had spotted. Dimitri was among them. No, no, no, I said, this time to myself. He'd warned me. Over and over, he'd said in his letters that as soon as I was out of the safety of the wards, he would be coming for me. I'd believed him and yet†¦ seeing the reality of it was a totally different thing. It had been three months, but in that instant, a million memories ran through my mind in crystal clear sharpness. My captivity with Dimitri. The way his mouth–so, so warm, despite his cold skin–had kissed mine. The feel of his fangs pressing into my neck and the sweet bliss that followed†¦ He looked exactly the same too, with that chalky white pallor and red-ringed eyes that so conflicted with the soft, chin-length brown hair and otherwise gorgeous lines of his face. He even had a leather duster on. It had to be a new one, seeing as his previous coat had gotten pretty torn up in our last fight on the bridge. Where did he keep getting them? â€Å"Get out!† I yelled. My words were to the Moroi, even as my stake bit into the female Strigoi's heart. The momentary confusion with all of us in the hall had been more of a detriment to her than me. I got a good line of sight on her, and it was clear that she hadn't expected me to be so fast. I'd killed a lot of Strigoi because they'd underestimated me. Eddie didn't have my luck. He stumbled when Victor shoved past him, allowing the other Strigoi–a guy–near the front to backhand Eddie against the wall. Still, that was the kind of thing we faced all the time, and Eddie responded beautifully. He immediately came back from the hit, and with the Moroi out of the way now, Eddie was able to lunge toward the Strigoi and engage him fully. And me? My attention was on Dimitri. I stepped over the fallen Strigoi without even looking at her. Dimitri had hovered near the back, sending his minions into the front lines of battle. Maybe it was because I knew Dimitri so well, but I suspected he wasn't surprised that I'd take out the one so quickly and that Eddie was giving the other a tough time. I doubted Dimitri cared whether they lived or died. They were just distractions for him to get to me. â€Å"I told you,† said Dimitri, eyes both amused and sharp. He was watching my every move, each of us subconsciously mirroring the other as we waited for an opening to attack. â€Å"I told you I'd find you.† â€Å"Yeah,† I said, trying to ignore the grunts of Eddie and the other Strigoi. Eddie could take him. I knew he could. â€Å"I got the memos.† A ghost of a smile curled up Dimitri's lips, showing the fangs that somehow triggered a mix of both longing and loathing in me. Instantly, I shoved those feelings aside. I'd hesitated before with Dimitri and nearly died because of it. I'd refused to let it happen again, and the adrenaline pumping through my body served as a good reminder that this was a do-or-die situation. He made the first move, but I dodged it–almost having sensed it coming. That was the problem with us. We knew each other too well–knew each other's moves too well. Of course, that hardly meant we were an even match. Even in life, he'd had more experience than me, and his Strigoi abilities tipped the scale. â€Å"Yet here you are,† he said, still smiling. â€Å"Foolishly stepping outside when you should have stayed in the safety of Court. I couldn't believe it when my spies told me.† I said nothing, instead attempting a swipe with my stake. He saw that coming too and sidestepped it. His having spies didn't surprise me–even in the daytime. He controlled a network of Strigoi and humans alike, and I'd known he had eyes and ears observing Court. The question was: How the hell had he gotten into this hotel in the middle of the day? Even with human watchers at the airport or monitoring credit cards as Adrian had done, Dimitri and his Strigoi friends should have had to wait until nightfall to get here. No, not necessarily, I realized a moment later. Strigoi occasionally had work-arounds. Trucks and vans with dark, completely sealed cabins. Underground entrances. Moroi wanting to casino-jump from the Witching Hour knew about secret tunnels connecting certain buildings. Dimitri would have known about all this too. If he'd been waiting for me to come outside of wards, he would have done whatever it took to get to me. I knew better than anyone else how resourceful he was. I also knew he was trying to distract me with talking. â€Å"And strangest of all,† he continued, â€Å"you didn't come alone. You brought Moroi. You've always taken risks with your own life, but I didn't expect you to be so hasty with theirs.† Something occurred to me then. Aside from the faint hum of the casino on the other end of the hallway and the sounds of our fight, everything else was silent. We were missing an important noise. Say, like, the alarm from a fire door. â€Å"Lissa!† I yelled. â€Å"Get the hell out of here! Get them all out of here.† She should have known better. They all should have known better. That door led to the upper floors–and outdoors. The sun was still out. It didn't matter if the alarm brought hotel security down on us. Hell, that might scare the Strigoi off. What mattered was that the Moroi fled to safety. But a quick check of my bond told me the problem. Lissa was frozen. Stunned. She'd suddenly seen who I was fighting, and the shock of it was too much. Knowing Dimitri was a Strigoi was one thing. Seeing it–really, really seeing it–well, that was different. I knew from personal experience. Even after being prepared, his appearance still unnerved me. She was blindsided, unable to think or move. It only took me a heartbeat to assess her feelings, but in a fight with a Strigoi, a single second could be the difference between life and death. Dimitri's chatter had worked, and although I watched him and thought I had my guard up, he got through and shoved me against the wall, hands pinning my arms so painfully that I lost my grip on the stake. He put his face right up to mine, so close that our foreheads touched. â€Å"Roza†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he murmured. His breath was warm and sweet against my skin. It seemed like it should have smelled like death or decay, but it didn't. â€Å"Why? Why did you have to be so difficult? We could have spent eternity together†¦Ã¢â‚¬  My heart thundered in my chest. I was afraid, terrified of the death that I knew had to be seconds away. And at the same time, I was filled with sorrow over having lost him. Seeing the features of his face, hearing that same accented voice that even now wrapped around me like velvet†¦ I felt my heart breaking all over again. Why? Why had this happened to us? Why was the universe so cruel? I managed to flip the switch again, once more shutting out the fact that this was Dimitri. We were predator and prey–and I was in danger of being eaten. â€Å"Sorry,† I said through gritted teeth, shoving hard–and failing–to break his grip. â€Å"My eternity doesn't involve being part of the undead mafia.† â€Å"I know,† he said. I could have sworn there was sadness in his face but later convinced myself I must have imagined it. â€Å"Eternity will be lonely without you.† A piercing shriek suddenly rang in my ears. Both of us winced. Noises intended to startle humans were hell on sensitive hearing like we had. Yet I couldn't help but feel relief. The fire door. Finally, those idiots–and yes, I had no qualms about calling my friends idiots when they were acting that way–had left the building. I felt sunlight through the bond and took comfort in that as Dimitri's fangs neared the artery that would spill the life's blood from my neck. I hoped the alarm would distract him, but he was too good. I struggled once more, hoping I could use surprise on him, but it was to no avail. What did surprise him was Eddie's stake plunging into the side of his stomach. Dimitri snarled in pain and let go of me, turning on Eddie. Eddie's face was hard, unblinking. If seeing Dimitri fazed him, my friend didn't show it. For all I knew, Eddie wasn't even registering this as Dimitri. Probably all he saw was a Strigoi. It was the way we were trained. See monsters, not people. Dimitri's attention was off me for the moment. He wanted to draw out my death. Eddie was simply an annoyance he needed to rid us of so that he could continue the game. Eddie and Dimitri engaged in a dance similar to the one I'd been in with Dimitri earlier, except that Eddie didn't know Dimitri's moves like I did. So Eddie wasn't able to completely avoid Dimitri grabbing him by the shoulder and shoving him to the wall. The maneuver had been intended to crush Eddie's skull, but Eddie managed to shift enough so that it was his body that took the brunt of the impact. It still hurt, but he was alive. All of this took place in milliseconds. And in those fleeting moments, my perspective shifted. When Dimitri had been looming over me, about to bite me, I had managed to overcome that impulse to think of him as Dimitri, the person I'd once known and loved. Continually forced into a victim position, with my life about to end, I had kept kicking myself into fight-fight-fight mode. Now, watching someone else battle Dimitri†¦ seeing Eddie's stake snake out at him†¦ well, suddenly, I lost that cool objectivity. I remembered why I'd come here. I remembered what we'd just learned from Robert. Fragile. It was still all so fragile. I'd sworn to myself that if we reached a moment where Dimitri was about to kill me and I hadn't learned more about saving Strigoi, I would do it. I would kill him. And this was my chance. Between Eddie and me, we could take Dimitri down. We could end this evil state, just as he'd once wanted. Yet†¦ less than a half hour ago, I'd been given a small piece of hope that a Strigoi could be saved. True, that part about a spirit user doing it was absurd, but Victor had believed. And if someone like him had believed†¦ I couldn't do it. Dimitri couldn't die. Not yet. I shot out with my stake, a hard strike that raked the silver point against the back of Dimitri's head. He let out a roar of rage and managed to turn and push me off while still fending Eddie away. Dimitri was that good. But Eddie's stake was getting closer to Dimitri's heart, and my friend's gaze was unwavering, intent on his kill. Dimitri's attention flitted between the two of us, and in one small lapse–only half a breath long–I saw Eddie get his stake in the zone, ready to take a shot at Dimitri's heart. A shot that looked like it might succeed where mine had failed. And that was why, in one smooth motion, I struck out with my stake, swiping it across Dimitri's face and knocking Eddie's arm aside as I did. It was a beautiful face. I hated to mar it but knew Dimitri would heal. As I made that attack, I pushed past him, shoving into Eddie so that he and I stumbled toward the fire door that was still shrieking its warning. Eddie's stony face registered surprise, and for a moment we were deadlocked: me pushing him to the door and him pushing back toward Dimitri. I saw the hesitation, though. The positioning was off, and Eddie was on the verge of shoving me into a Strigoi, which his training wouldn't allow. Dimitri was already seizing the opportunity, though. His hand reached out and grabbed my shoulder, trying to jerk me back. Eddie caught hold of my arm and pulled me forward. I cried out in surprise and pain. It felt like they were going to rip me in two. Dimitri was by far the strongest, but even stuck in the middle, my weight played a role, and I lent my force to Eddie's, which helped us gain some ground. Still, it was slow going. Like walking in honey. For each step I managed forward, Dimitri dragged me back. But Eddie and I were making slow–and very, very painful–progress toward the wailing door. A few moments later, I heard the clatter of feet and voices. â€Å"Security,† grunted Eddie, giving me a tug. â€Å"Shit,† I said. â€Å"You can't win,† Dimitri hissed. He'd managed to get both hands on my shoulders now and was overpowering us. â€Å"Oh yeah? We're about to have the entire Luxor Attack Squad here.† â€Å"We're about to have a pile of bodies here. Humans,† he said dismissively. Those humans reached us. I'm not sure what their impressions were. Some guy attacking teenagers? They shouted about us all letting go and facing them, directions the three of us ignored in our epic tug-of-war match. Then they must have laid hands on Dimitri. He was still gripping me, but his hold slackened enough that one huge pull from Eddie and a near-leap on my part broke me free. Eddie and I didn't even look back, though the security guards were now shouting at us too. They weren't the only ones shouting. Just before I pushed open the door, I heard Dimitri calling to me. There was laughter in his voice. â€Å"It's not over, Roza. Do you really think there's anywhere you can go in this world where I can't find you?† The same warning, always the same warning. I did my best to ignore the fear those words inspired. Eddie and I burst into smoggy desert air, as well as sunshine that was still hanging in there, despite being early evening. We were in the Luxor's parking lot–which wasn't crowded enough for us to hide in. With no spoken communication, he and I tore off toward the busy Strip, knowing our physical abilities would surpass those of any human pursuers and let us get lost in the mobs of people. It worked. I never saw how many followed us. My guess was the security staff were devoting their attention to the tall guy killing people in their hotel. The voices shouting after us faded, and Eddie and I finally slowed to a stop in front of New York-New York, and again, without even talking, we immediately turned inside the hotel. It had a twisted layout and was more crowded than the Luxor, and we easily blended in until we could find an empty spot of wall on the far side of the hotel's casino. The run had been hard even for us, and it took us a moment to catch our breath as we stood there. I knew things were serious when Eddie finally turned on me, and anger lit his features. Eddie was always the picture of calm and control, ever since his first abduction by Strigoi last year. It had toughened him, made him more determined to face any challenge. But oh, was he mad at me now. â€Å"What the hell was that?† exclaimed Eddie. â€Å"You let him go!† I put on my best tough face, but he seemed to be outdoing me today. â€Å"What, did you miss the part where I was slashing him with my stake?† â€Å"I had his heart! I had a shot, and you stopped me!† â€Å"Security was coming. We didn't have time. We had to get out of there, and we couldn't let them see us do the killing.† â€Å"I don't think any of them are left to report seeing anything,† Eddie replied evenly. He seemed to be trying to regain his composure. â€Å"Dimitri left a pile of corpses there. You know it. People died because you wouldn't let me stake him.† I flinched, realizing Eddie was right. It should have ended there. I hadn't gotten a good look at the number of security guards. How many had died? It wasn't relevant. Only the fact that innocent people had died mattered. Even one was too many. And it was my fault. My silence caused Eddie to press his advantage. â€Å"How could you of all people forget that lesson? I know he used to be your instructor–used to be. But he's not the same. They drilled that into us over and over. Don't hesitate. Don't think of him as a real person.† â€Å"I love him,† I blurted out, without meaning to. Eddie hadn't known. Only a handful of people knew about my romantic relationship with Dimitri and what had happened in Siberia. â€Å"What?† Eddie exclaimed with a gasp. His outrage had transformed to shock. â€Å"Dimitri†¦ he's more than my instructor†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Eddie continued staring at me for several heavy seconds. â€Å"Was,† he said at last. â€Å"Huh?† â€Å"He was more than your instructor. You loved him.† Eddie's momentary confusion was gone. He was back to hard guardian now, no sympathy. â€Å"I'm sorry, but it's in the past, whatever was between you. You have to know that. The person you loved is gone. The guy we just saw? Not the same.† I slowly shook my head. â€Å"I†¦ I know. I know it's not him. I know he's a monster, but we can save him†¦ if we can do what Robert was telling us about†¦.† Eddie's eyes widened, and for a moment, he was dumbstruck. â€Å"That's what this is about? Rose, that's ridiculous! You can't believe that. Strigoi are dead. They're gone to us. Robert and Victor were feeding you a bunch of crap.† Now I grew surprised. â€Å"Then why are you even here? Why have you stuck with us?† He threw his hands up in exasperation. â€Å"Because you're my friend. I stayed with you through all of this†¦ breaking out Victor, listening to his crazy brother†¦ because I knew you needed me. You all did, to help keep you safe. I thought you had a real reason for getting Victor out–and that you were going to return him. Does it sound crazy? Yeah, but that's normal for you. You've always had good reasons for what you do.† He sighed. â€Å"But this†¦ this is crossing a line. Letting Strigoi go in order to chase some idea–some idea that couldn't possibly work–is ten times worse than what we did with Victor. A hundred times worse. Every day Dimitri walks the world is another day that people are going to die.† I collapsed against the wall and closed my eyes, feeling sick to my stomach. Eddie was right. I had screwed up. I'd promised myself that I would kill Dimitri if I faced him before we could pursue Robert's solution. It all should have ended today†¦ but I had choked up. Again. I opened my eyes and straightened up, needing to find a new purpose before I burst into tears in the middle of this casino. â€Å"We have to find the others. They're out there unprotected.† It was probably the only thing that could have stopped Eddie's scolding just then. Instinctual duty kicked in. Protect Moroi. â€Å"Can you tell where Lissa's at?† My bond had kept me connected to her during our escape, but I hadn't allowed myself any deeper probing than confirming she was alive and okay. I expanded the link a little further now. â€Å"Across the street. At MGM.† I'd seen the ginormous hotel when we ran into this one but hadn't realized Lissa was there. Now I could feel her, hiding out in a crowd like us, scared but not injured. I would have rather she and the others opted to hang out in the sun, but instinct had driven her to the shelter of walls. Eddie and I spoke no more about Dimitri as we headed out and crossed the busy road. The sky was turning peach, but I still felt secure out there. Far more secure than in the Luxor's hallway. With the bond, I could always find Lissa, and without any hesitation, I led Eddie through MGM's twists and turns–honestly, the layout of these places just got more and more confusing–until we saw Lissa and Adrian standing near a row of slot machines. He was smoking. She spotted me, sprinted over, and threw her arms around me. â€Å"Oh my God. I was so scared. I didn't know what had happened to you guys. I hate that one-way bond.† I forced a smile for her. â€Å"We're fine.† â€Å"In a bruised kind of way,† mused Adrian, strolling over. I didn't doubt it. In the adrenaline of a fight, it was easy to not notice injuries and pain. Later, when the battle lust faded, you started to realize just what you'd put your body through. I was so grateful to see Lissa okay that I missed what Eddie had already noticed. â€Å"You guys, where are Victor and Robert?† Lissa's happy face crumpled, and even Adrian looked grim. â€Å"Damn it,† I said, needing no explanation. Lissa nodded, eyes wide and distraught. â€Å"We lost them.†

Rebuilding New Orleans

Rebuilding New Orleans Free Online Research Papers The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in 2001 named a major hurricane hitting New Orleans as the most serious emergency threat to the nation. In August 2005, a category IV Hurricane by the name of Katrina ravaged the City of New Orleans. After the storm, LT. General Carl Strock, Chief of Engineers for the Army Corp of Engineers stated â€Å"the intensity of this storm simply exceeded the design capacity of this levee†¦which had a 200 or 300 year level of protection. That means that an event that we were protecting from might be exceeded every 200 to 300 years.† [1] The following probability will be the basis for determining the expected profit of rebuilding the city of New Orleans. As consultants advising the City of New Orleans, we felt it necessary to quantitatively prove that rebuilding was the best option before exploring recommendations for the rebirth of the city. After proving that rebuilding New Orleans is financially astute, we will discuss the current structure of the Commission along with recommendations for changes that would allow the commission to be more effective. Because of the many diverse groups associated with the BNOB Commission we asses that the ability to negotiate effectively will be key to satisfying the stakeholders and thus achieving the more broad strategic goals. Finally, we should not rebuild the City of New Orleans without a more effective flood control system. We used the concept of positive deviance to identify other areas in the world that have experienced similar disasters and had success in rebuilding. We identified the Netherlands a positive deviant for building a more modern and effective flood control system for New O rleans. Two estimates will be significant in determining the cost and benefits of rebuilding New Orleans. First, an estimate of how much money will be required to repair the flood damage from Hurricane Katrina. The second important factor is the estimated Gross Metro Product (GMP) for a newly rebuilt New Orleans. I will base this estimate on  ¾ of New Orleans pre-Katrina population and multiply this number by New Orleans’ 2004 per capita GMP. This is to compensate for the fact that at least in the short run, a rebuilt New Orleans will most likely have a significantly smaller population due to permanent migrations away from the city. How much money will it take to rebuild the city of New Orleans? Congress allocated $62 billion in September 2005 and the House of Representatives approved an additional $20 billion on March 16. Obviously, the Federal Government will provide the bulk of the recovery money for damage caused by Hurricane Katrina. There will be additional state; county and city monies along with private donations that will help rebuild the city of New Orleans. A conservative estimate of the amount required to rebuild New Orleans is $28 billion more than the amount promised by the federal government. So far, $110 billion is the amount needed for rebuilding but this amount does not address the issue of Louisiana’s sinking coast. The city of New Orleans was built on a river delta formed by natural silt deposits from the Mississippi river. After the Great Mississippi floods of 1927, the city of New Orleans surrounded the river with levees to protect the city from future flooding. Hurricane Betsy in 1965 caused a great deal of flooding in New Orleans and the federal government began building more levees to protect the city from a category 3 hurricane. The levees have blocked the natural silt from replenishing the delta, which has caused the coastal wetlands of Louisiana to wash away, and the city of New Orleans to sink deeper below sea level [1]. To combat this degeneration of the coastal wetlands the state and federal government has recently passed a $14 Billion plan to rebuild the wetlands. Many of the levees protecting the city of New Orleans broke during hurricane Ka trina and must be replaced. Recently, the Army Corp of Engineers revised their estimates of how much money it would take to rebuild the levees to federal standards. â€Å"The change followed a surprise announcement from the Army Corps of Engineers that the levee reconstruction project, most recently estimated at $3.5 billion, would now cost $9.5 billion if insurance-certified levees were extended throughout the region.† [2] From the above-mentioned costs, the aggregate total is $134 Billion to rebuild the city of New Orleans. This is a conservative estimate, and others have estimated the costs of rebuilding to be as much as $200 Billion, but I will use $134 Billion as my benchmark in the expected profits equation. The second important estimate to take into consideration is the predicted Gross Metro Product of New Orleans. In 2004, according to the US mayor website, New Orleans Gross Metro Product was $47 Billion dollars for the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). The U.S. Bureau defines an MSA as â€Å"that of a core area containing a substantial population nucleus, together with adjacent communities having a high degree of social and economic integration with that core. Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas comprise one or more entire counties.† Since the core of New Orleans plays such a key role on the communities surrounding it, I will be using the 2004 metropolitan population of 1,363,750 from the Census Bureau County estimates and multiplying it by  ¾ to take into consideration the short term population loss that will take place due to permanent migrations of former New Orleans residents away from the city. I then multiply the derived number 1,022,812 by the 2004 per capita GMP of $35, 606 to give me 36.4 Billion. Expected Profit = (.005 x -134 Billion) + (.995 x 36.4 Billion) = 35. 5 Billion Prob. disaster Cost (Bil) Prob. no disaster GMP (Bil) Profit (Bil) 0.005 -134 0.995 36.4 35.548 0.025 -134 0.975 36.4 32.14 0.045 -134 0.955 36.4 28.732 0.065 -134 0.935 36.4 25.324 0.085 -134 0.915 36.4 21.916 0.105 -134 0.895 36.4 18.508 0.125 -134 0.875 36.4 15.1 0.145 -134 0.855 36.4 11.692 0.165 -134 0.835 36.4 8.284 0.185 -134 0.815 36.4 4.876 0.205 -134 0.795 36.4 1.468 0.225 -134 0.775 36.4 -1.94 0.245 -134 0.755 36.4 -5.348 0.265 -134 0.735 36.4 -8.756 0.285 -134 0.715 36.4 -12.164 0.305 -134 0.695 36.4 -15.572 0.325 -134 0.675 36.4 -18.98 Using the information on hand, the expected profit to rebuild New Orleans is $35.5 Billion, which quantifies the decision to rebuild. However, the spreadsheet above indicates that if the probability of a disaster the size of Katrina ever reached the point where a disaster of the same nature took place once every five years (approx. 21% probability), it would no longer be profitable to rebuild the city of New Orleans. The federal government should watch this statistic very closely. Statistically the chance of a disaster of this magnitude hitting New Orleans within the next 5 years is very slim. However, if it did this could be an economic harbinger for the federal government to close shop on any projects in New Orleans, move historical buildings out of the area and invest any remaining money in either the expansion of Baton Rouge or the movement of New Orleans to a safer area. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina a team of six qualified urban planners were assembled to assess the capacity of the city’s planning function. The American Planning Association assembled this team as part of a request by the New Orleans City Planning Commission in association with the Louisiana Chapter of The American Planning Association. The present plans are for the City of New Orleans to be different in the future. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita changed the landscape and the community forever. Mayor Ray Nagin led the efforts in the establishment of the commission. In fact, Mayor Ray Nagin created The â€Å"Bring New Orleans Back† (BNOB) Commission. The mayor was faced with the monumental task of developing a plan for the city’s rebirth by the end of the year. Mayor Nagin saw fit to engage a panel of civic leaders for the task. While the key members of the BNOB Commission have attempted to explain the full mission and concept of their organization, they have not official revealed their strategic goals, or a comprehensive plan. In a news briefing, Mayor Nagin stated that â€Å"The commission is charged with a fundamental goal to advise, assist, plan and help the city of New Orleans as it makes recommendations for how the city will be rebuild. Additionally, New Orleans Archbishop Alfred C. Hughes stated that â€Å"the commission members represent a cross-section of race, ethnicity, geography, background, expertise and experience†. The primary attr ibute that unites the current members of the BNOB Commission is a commitment to work together for the common good. Archbishop Hughes said that Mayor Nagin gave them a mandate: â€Å"To finalize a master plan, to advise, assist and plan the direct funding of the rebuilding of New Orleans culturally, socially, economically and uniquely for every citizen.† The Commission’s deadline for delivery of the plan was December 31, 2005. The Mayor will present the plan to the City Council for review, refinement and adoption. The commission further divided into seven sub-committees. These sub-committees are chaired by members of the Commission and composed of people from the community. The issues that they will be addressing include urban planning for housing and land use, infrastructure, economic development, education, health and social service, culture and administration and/or government efficiency. Four of the most important sub-committees are: The Education Committee, The Cultural Committee, The Technology Committee and The Government Effectiveness Committee. The Education Committee is responsible for developing a plan to reform and rebuild the educational system in Orleans Parish. The Cultural Committee is developing a plan to repair and rebuild the cultural fabric of New Orleans. Hence, the Cultural Committee’s objective is to establish a sustainable economic environment for the local creative industries by preserving in perpetuity the heritage and vitality that create a unique cultural fiber. The Technology Sub-committee’s goal is to assure an open, inclusive and vibrant business community that will create a livable wage and higher salaried jobs. The Government Effectiveness Committee will recommend changes in local government structure and function that would ensure effective responses to the challenges facing the city post-Katrina. Despite their efforts, it took four months after Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans before it unveiled its plan. In this plan, the mayor approved a moratorium on building permits. Most affected by this proposal were lower income areas of New Orleans. Not only did the mayor and the commission impose the moratorium on the poorest of citizens, but it also forced that same region to pass a so called â€Å"critical mass† test if they would have any chance of returning to their property. During this same period, it was incumbent upon the residents to demonstrate with sufficient and substantial evidence that the community could meet the â€Å"critical mass† in their neighborhoods that the population planned to return and rebuild. People from those neighborhoods and communities that failed to obtain the needed numbers to past the â€Å"critical mass† test would be at risk losing their property. The Crescent City Redevelopment Corporation would buy some out and others would be seized through eminent domain. Areas not rebuilt would be returned to wetlands and green space. The Bring New Orleans Back Commission’s mission in part is to develop a master plan for rebuilding the City of New Orleans. The master plan is broad in scope and focuses initially on the displaced citizens of New Orleans. The commission set out to host six town hall meeting to gather displaced citizens of New Orleans input into the rebuilding strategies and to foster constructive participation in the revival of New Orleans. The six meeting will be held in Atlanta, Ga., Houston, Tx., Baton Rouge, La., Memphis, Tn., Dallas, Tx., and Fort Worth, Tx. All of these communities were selected because the relocation areas where the largest portions of New Orleans residents now reside. The Urban Land Institute (ULI) is the agency that stands at the forefront of BNOB Commission. ULI, an international research and education institute dedicated to responsible land use, will assist the commission with its master visioning efforts. The program of work will be carried out through four key activities: 1) the formation of an advisory panel of international and national experts on post-disaster redevelopment and urban regeneration; 2) the development of Ten Principles for Temporary Communities; 3) input from the breadth of ULI’s membership; and 4) coordination with other groups who have dedicated valuable resources to the rebuilding effort. Immediately after inception the ULI presented a proposal to support the commission’s goal to develop a rebuilding vision during the first three months of the entity’s tenure. It is imperative to protect this extraordinarily valuable asset. This statement is on the minds of many of the displaced residents. The BNOB Commission is faced with several essential elements that are crucial to the economic recovery of New Orleans, so much so that it was made a part of the plan to rebuild. The BNOB Commission felt that they must focus on these four areas; Administration of Funds – they feel that with the funds obtained from government agencies and private donors they must maintain sound fiscal management structure to maximize its impact. The administration felt that without sound fiscal management structure many businesses and other industries would break down or not return at all. In this plan, it speaks of the need to be business friendly. Because of the major setback that Katrina imposed, and a significant competitive disadvantage, the administration felt that the city that they must consider adjustments to taxation and regulation accordingly to get the industries and business back and running. The BNOB Commission has developed plans to jumpstart the economy as an immediate acti on that must be taken. Their reasoning behind this move is to get industries operational and returned to steady state business as usual. Other measures include temporary housing, government guaranteed loans and grants, and business incentives are essential, tax-exempt bond financing for rehabilitation of business properties in the disaster zone. The BNOB Commission feels that without the security of the infrastructure investors will lose confidence. Therefore, the infrastructure of the city must be sound for business to flourish. A secure infrastructure would mean, levee system repaired to category III storm protection. The committee’s approach focused on two physical scales and periods simultaneously. City residents of New Orleans denounce the rebuilding plan of the â€Å"Bring New Orleans Back Committee†. Based on the plan more than two third of the poorest and hardest hit communities would not be allowed back to begin rebuilding. In addition, Mayor Nagin im posed a moratorium on the issuance of building permits. The moratorium is expected to last for approximately four months. During the city’s imposed moratorium each affected neighborhoods must demonstrate the existence of sufficient â€Å"critical mass†. The residence must demonstrate this by showing that at least one half or more of the population intend on returning and rebuilding. This is a monumental task that the administration is placing upon the residents on such short notice considering their financial situation. An overwhelming number of the displaced residents feel as if the plan amounts to a calculated scheme to depopulate the low-income parts of New Orleans. They also feel that wealthy investors will, at some point, get an option to purchase the vacant land at very low prices and later make a killing in the real estate market. Moreover, tens of thousands of working class New Orleans residents scattered over the United States think that they will be left out on their own as Mayor Nagin underscores an agreement of the two political parties to tailor the rebuilding effort to the wealthy. The same sentiments were driven home when President Bush visited and underscored his administration’s opposition to boosting the city’s limited resources. The President’s demeanor and comments revealed his true feeling toward the suffering of the poorest residents. The President’s took a 10-minute ride from LAI Airport to a closed-door meeting with business leaders and elected officials in an area showing no signs of hurricane damage. The Bush administration touted support of $3.1 billion in federal funds to repair and reinforce the levees. However, experts estimate that it would cost over $9.5 billion – or more than 3 times what the Bush administration is willing to spend. The organization responsible for the reconstruction of New Orleans, BNOB Commission has several faults, which will ultimately decrease its effectiveness in completing the rebuilding of the city. The primary fault is the fact that the commission did not identify all of the stakeholders, therefore the organizations mission, and strategic goals have not taken into account many of their needs. This will ultimately cause problems as the reconstruction of the city proceeds and conflicts arise. The association of homeowners in the lower 9th ward, who is currently pursuing legal action against the city of New Orleans to prevent their homes from being demolished after failing to show they could achieve â€Å"critical mass† as previously discussed, is having a significant negative impact on reconstruction efforts in the area. There are several reasons that the BNOB Commission has not integrated all of the stakeholders into the overall process of planning the reconstruction. The primary reason is a large portion of the population, particularly in the poorer areas of the city, has not returned to New Orleans. Related to the first reason, the second reason is, some special interest groups appear to be taking advantage of the fact that there are people have not returned to accomplish their goals. Our team is recommending a â€Å"whole scale change† approach to helping the organization to move from its current structure to one that; integrates all key stakeholders’ needs. (The Change Champion’s Field Guide, 5) Ensuring the interests of all key stakeholders are integrated into the Strategy and actions will require the BNOB Commission to create a structure that can identify and integrate conflicting positions among all of the stakeholders to ensure that each contributes to the overall success of the reconstruction program and not just to their own area of interest. In discussing, the actions required by the BNOB Commission we will talk first about the most complicated; integrating all of the stakeholders needs into the process. The primary reason that this is so difficult is, many of the displaced people from the city of New Orleans are scattered across the country and even simple communication with them is challenging. First, there must be a concerted effort to identify and contact those people to determine whether they plan to return to the city. Second, after taking into account their interests (homeowner, business owner, etc.) they should be educated and given the opportunity to align themselves with different representative bodies based on those interests. Only after these groups of stakeholders have been identified and made their interests known can the BNOB Commission truly move forward with confidence that they are operating with the stakeholders interests in mind. Before moving on, a brief mention of the star model of success is important. (The Change Champion’s Field Guide, 9) The BNOB Commission must consider each star point to have a clear understanding of the strategic direction, what work they must do to reach their goals and how they should accomplish that work. Of the five star points one, the resources point, enjoys broad support from the American people and all levels of government from local to federal, so for the purposes of this discussion we will assume that the resources point is â€Å"twinkling†. Two other points, processes and form, as related to the reconstruction effort itself are both somewhat driven by the nature of reconstruction work. We will consider both of these to be sufficient as long is they are both designed to allow the different parts of the organization to efficiently accomplish their goals ensure that each goal supports the achievement of the overall strategic goals. Since we discussed Strate gic Direction earlier, I want to focus now on shared information. Sharing information within an organization so diverse and geographically separated is a significant challenge, but one that must be met if the organization is to reach its goals. Information sharing must be seamless from the onset. Just to get the word out to all of the scattered stakeholders will require extensive use of mass media. After the organization is more firmly established an organizational structure must establish the microcosm(s) using organizational structure to build committees and subcommittees and connecting them through simple effective communications methods. The BNOB Commission must develop systems to ensure continued interaction between committees and subcommittees to maintain focus on the larger â€Å"system†. To summarize, processes, forms and resources will likely not be the major challenges of BNOB Commission. Rather it will be effectively sharing information across diverse groups and over large geographic areas and establishing strategic goals that truly represent the stakeholders in the reconstruction of New Orleans. Both will require organizational leadership that truly has the best interests of the stake holders in mind as well as leaders that are willing to courage to allow all of the voices to be heard. Ultimately, if they fail to capture the true strategic goals of the people who will live in New Orleans after the reconstruction is complete the people will miss an excellent opportunity to reshape their city into something that is more than the sum of its parts. The power of negotiation is vital to the success of BNOB Commission. There will be many different viewpoints from each sub-committee as well as each population group in New Orleans. In order for the Mayor’s plan to come to fruition, there needs to be a consensus to one idea and that idea needs to be effectively coordinated within the committee and the citizens of New Orleans. The structure is already set to perform a strategic negotiations committee. This committee should have a negotiator to represent each subcommittee from the educational, cultural, technology, and government, and other groups. In addition, there needs to be representation from the citizens of New Orleans. This piece of negotiation is the most important, because the displaced citizens are the main effort of this rebuilding process. The negotiations committee works directly for the mayor. Their main goal is to have each committee and group in agreement with one idea that takes into account all of the following: coordination, timeline, and resources/funding. Each group is going to have their own idea of how to accomplish this, so the negotiations committee should put these ideas together into one consolidated plan. Once the mayor approves this plan, the implementation will occur in an efficient manner in which all parties involved are supportive and willing to help in the rebuilding process. The task of negotiations should be handled first within each subcommittee. The subcommittees or groups should come up with one plan in place that includes all of the main elements discussed above. We will presuppose that the Mayor has already sectioned the city of New Orleans in zones and that a substantial population of citizens from each zone is represented in each work group or committee. Once a plan is developed, the negotiator should develop the â€Å"Best Alternative to the Negotiated Agreement† (BATNA) for negotiations with the other committees or groups. After each group has met and formulated a detailed plan, the negotiating committee will meet and present these plans with broad guidelines set by the mayor such as: timeline, budget, and resources. This process will take some time as negotiators will have to go back to their committees repeatedly to develop new BATNAs. The result should be an agreement on one plan composed of all groups in which all broad guidelines are met and mutual gains between the subcommittees are realized. These are the suggested steps for a negotiations committee to take in the planning phase of the rebuilding effort. We believe that once these steps are taken; the implementation phase will run effectively and efficiently. Jerry Sternin describes Positive Deviance as â€Å"based on the belief that in every community there are certain individuals/entities whose special practices or strategies enable them to find a better solution to a pervasive problem than their neighbors who have access to exactly the same resources.† (The Change Champion’s Field Guide, 20) Although Sternin’s focus was individuals, the same principle can be applied to countries. Some countries can develop special practices or strategies that distinguish them from other countries with similar problems. Living below sea level and fighting the water are situations that both the Netherlands and the City of New Orleans faced. However, the Netherlands, the positive deviant learned on earlier in its history the importance of defending its shores from the onslaught of the unpredictable sea. How do we know that the Netherlands is a positive deviant? On January 9-12 2006, five months after Hurricane Katrina ravaged the city of New Orleans. The governor of Louisiana as well as an entourage of state senators toured the modern flood protection system developed in the Netherlands to learn more about effective water control. The education that they received in the Netherlands will hopefully lead to the construction of an effective flood control system set up in the city of New Orleans. The Netherlands learned the hard way the importance of having a competent water control plan in place. In 1953, the Netherlands experienced a flood, which was the worst Dutch disaster in 300 years. â€Å"In February 1953 the Netherlands faced disaster when the dikes protecting the southwest of the country were breached by joint onslaught of a hurricane force northwesterly wind and exceptionally high spring tides†¦resulting in almost 200,000 hectares of land swamped, 3000 homes and 300 farms destroyed and 47,000 heads of cattle drowned.† (The Holland Ring) The disaster was a wake up call for the country and inspired the Delta Project that would one day be considered the most advanced water control system in the world. The significance of the delta project was the fact that it was based on a cost-benefit analysis. â€Å"The required safety level was based on a comparison between the economic damage owing to failure of seawalls and the cost of strengthening the coastal defense works.† (d’Angremond) This detailed analysis meant that much more money was spent on protecting highly populated areas with flood walls that would be exceeded only once every 10,000 years vs less populated areas with dikes that would be exceeded once every 1,250 years. This is a vast contrast to the levees in New Orleans which where built to be exceeded once every 200 years. The Oosterschelde dam is 1.75 miles long and crosses three channels in the Eastern Schelde. The dam is made up of 65 pillars, which can slide 62 iron floodgates in less than an hour during an emergency. This is an example of the ingenious Dutch engineering that has made the Netherlands safe from major flooding in the last fifty years. The Maaslandkering storm surge barrier at Rotterdam is the largest hydraulic project in Netherlands. Almost as long as the Eiffel Tower in Paris and weighs four times as much. If a water level of 3.20 metres above NAP is anticipated for Rotterdam the Storm Surge Barrier in the New Waterway has to be closed. As a group of consultants, we were charged with assisting the Bring Back New Orleans Commission in developing a successful organization. After a cost benefit analysis, which validated the BNOB Commission’s decision to rebuild New Orleans, we explored the current composition and disposition of the BNOB Commission. We discovered that there were some shortcomings in the Commission, which were holding it back from achieving its goals. While our recommendations for change to the organization will assist them in ultimately achieving their goal, we identified that due to the complexity of the organization negation skills and strategies would be crucial to success. Finally, we used the concept of positive deviance to determine that Norway’s complex national flood control system could be a model for the future reconstruction of the city of New Orleans. References [1] Hurricane Preparedness for New Orleans http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/predictions_of_hurricane_risk_for_New_Orleans [2] Levee Repair Costs Triple washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/30/AR2006033001912.htm [3] Sternin, Jerry, The Change Champion’s Field Guide, Practice Publications, 2003 [4] 1953 Flood Disaster: The Dutch Struggle against the water thehollandring.com/1953-ramp.shtml [5] D’ Angremond, Kees: From Disaster to Delta Project: The Storm Flood of 1953. March 2003 [6] Bring New Orleans Back Commission Announced. 5.11.2006. http://new.neworleans.com/index.php?option=com_content task=viewid=83Itemid=37 [7] Bring New Orleans Back. 5.01.2006 bringneworleansback.org/ [8] Bring New Orleans Back Commission to Work with Urban Land Institute on Developing Rebuilding Strategy for the City. 5.01.2006 [9] City residents denounce â€Å"Bring New Orleans Back† rebuilding plan. 05.06.2006. wsws.org/articles/2006/jan2006/newo-j14.shtml Research Papers on Rebuilding New OrleansQuebec and CanadaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Jail vs. Prison

Jail vs. Prison Jail vs. Prison Jail vs. Prison By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Can the words  jail and prison be used interchangeably? In colloquial usage, the words jail and prison are often used interchangeably in reference to any place where people are locked up for a legal offense. Jail is the usual choice when speaking of imprisonment in the abstract. For example: A man like that belongs in jail. If you ask me, I’d put him in jail and throw away the key. The connotation of jail is less severe than that of prison. When the words are used in reference to actual places of legal confinement, there is a distinct difference between a jail and a prison. In most US states, jails are short-term facilities operated by local authorities, whereas prisons are long-term facilities operated by the state or federal government. When people are arrested for anything, from drunk driving to murder, they will be temporarily confined in a jail. For lack of more appropriate facilities, mentally ill people are often placed in jail. Note: So many mentally ill people are jailed or imprisoned in the United States that, according to clinical psychologist Dean Aufderheide, â€Å"[T]here is no doubt that our jails and prisons have become America’s major mental health facilities, a purpose for which they were never intended.† Typically, jail is for: 1. People who are being held pending a plea agreement, trial, or sentencing; 2. People who have been convicted of a misdemeanor criminal offense and are serving a sentence of less than a year; 3. People who have been sentenced to a term longer than a year and are waiting to be transferred to a long-term facility. Prisons are for convicted felons who have been sentenced to a term of one year or longer. Here are some quotations that fail to distinguish between jail (short-term) and prison (long-term): Al Capone was sentenced to 11 years in jail for failure to pay four years’ worth of taxes.- Political blogger. I hope his sentence is long enough so his jail cell will become his coffin.- Victim of convicted swindler Bernard Madoff, whose sentence is for a term of 150 years. Man remains in jail 6 years without conviction- Headline, Las Vegas Review-Journal. Man faces 11 years in jail for punching elderly man over free Nutella samples- Headline, The Independent. Venezuelas opposition denounced the sentencing of politician Leopoldo Lopez to nearly 14 years in jail.- News article, The Huffington Post. Most speakers will probably continue to use jail informally to mean â€Å"a place of incarceration.† Professional writers, on the other hand, may be expected to observe a distinction between jail and prison in formal contexts. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"A While vs AwhileNominalized Verbs

Do you agree with Hedley Bulls comment the 'International society has Essay

Do you agree with Hedley Bulls comment the 'International society has always been present' in the world political system - Essay Example Especially claim that the basic component of politics is the element of mutual actions and regulations shouldn’t be underestimated. Modern world politics can be considered to have international society if we refer to statement by Bull, who underlines that if there are institutions that propagate and support states’ cooperation, such as international affairs, international organizations, and weight force regulationi. As far as we know, modern politics have such kind of institutions. Therefore it is possible to claim that statement by Bull on international society existence in modern politics works though it should be taken into account that there are a lot of debates on international society existence in world politics due to numerous global international problemsii. Nevertheless practical adaptation of this statement has met a lot of obstacles and will hardly be used in the future. Methodology of Bull can unite states in their common goals and values though international society in accordance with Bull can be determined on two main concepts: pluralism and solidarism. If to follow Bull we can conclude that all the states are united in states system united by community of interests, values, rules and institutions. The difference is as follows: a solidarist international society is striving for progress, development and propagation of international law. Further on we’ll ground our discussion on a solidarist international society. This approach of Bull is more relevant for modern politics. Developing this idea, force can be justified and legitimate if it protects and enforces international law. As far as we can see, Bull tends to generalization and unification. He supports systematization. But where is the boundary between ‘system†™ and ‘society’? Does it exist? Or do these concepts are transformed in one another and blurred to such an extent that they are justified to be considered

The Unconventional Depiction of Women in Japanese Films Essay

The Unconventional Depiction of Women in Japanese Films - Essay Example Women, as portrayed in Japanese films are meek and a follower of men. They are the guardians of the house and children and the helper of men, they are the ones that fall in the background but very much important nonetheless. Men are driven by pride; they would do things that are out of their league for the sake of containing and maintaining their pride, their ego, their dignity. Men are depicted as great thinkers and they invent something new every day and by nature they are competitive and easily driven by a desire for power and glory, whether it is for a higher rank or for the love of someone, even love becomes a game, even life or freedom will be put at stake just to prove that they are better than someone else, they like to gamble and they rarely think of the outcome before they do crazy stunts and acts recklessly. They like the thrills and the element of danger and adventure, a male figure will grow in his appearance and expand his understanding but in spirit, he remains a boy who likes challenges and unbelievable stunts and plot to make it better than it was before. They do not easily accept defeat and they do not easily give in and in fact, most of the time, not at all. Although women are devious in ways a man will never understand, they are the keepers of the house and will be as gentle as an angel even when angered or wronged but they unleash a fury greater than hell when forced to it. Most women think of not just of herself but the whole package, of the people around her and of what an action may cause to the generalized public.... Men are depicted as great thinkers and they invent something new everyday and by nature they are competitive and easily driven for a desire of power and glory, whether it is for a higher rank or for the love of someone, even love becomes a game, even life or freedom will be put at stake just to prove that they are better than someone else, they like to gamble and they rarely think of the outcome before they do crazy stunts and acts recklessly. They like the thrills and the element of danger and adventure, a male figure will grow in his appearance and expand his understanding but in spirit he remains a boy who likes challenges and unbelievable stunts and plot to make it better than it was before. They do not easily accept defeat and they do not easily give in and in fact, most of the time, not at all. Although women are devious in ways a man will never understand, they are the keepers of the house and will be as gentle as an angel even when angered or wronged but the unleash a fury greater than hell when forced to it. Most women think of not just of herself but the whole package, of the people around her and of what an action ma cause to the generalized public but women are just as human as a man and therefore are not an exception to crime and they also has faults and they also commit devious crimes but this population is at least just 20% of the total, unlike with men who are more exposed to the brutal reality of having power in the society. Women are more likely to be the victim of a crime than a man, women are not born weak but they are being dominated over by men and since women believes in love more than men does. Since women are the